The manufacturing industry exhibited a recovery from the pandemic in 2021, although the rebound has been uneven across countries, with stagnations in least developed countries. The coverage gap is almost the same in LDCs and LLDCs In Sub-Saharan Africa, the gap is 18%, predominantly affecting the population of Central and Western Africa.

However, growth is slowing down, and connecting the remaining 5% is proving difficult.

Target 9.c: Mobile broadband (3G or above) access is available to 95% of the world’s population, while 4G coverage has doubled to 88% between 20.

In 2020, sub-Saharan Africa and LDCs had low shares of medium-high and high-technology manufacturing, at 21.7% and 10.6% respectively, compared to 47.7% in Europe and Northern America and 47.1% in Eastern Asia. However, the production of basic pharmaceuticals declined due to the COVID-19 situation and shortages of essential inputs.

Target 9.b: In 2022, the medium-high and high-technology industries experienced solid growth, mainly due to the recovery in the automotive sector and consistently strong production in sectors such as computers, electronics and optical products, and electrical equipment.

CO2 growth in 2022 was well below GDP growth of 3.2%. Emissions shrank by more than 5% in 2020, but rebounded past pre - pandemic levels in 2021, growing more than 6% in tandem with economic stimulus and a surge in coal demand even as renewables capacity additions scaled record heights.

Target 9.4: Global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from energy combustion and industrial processes grew by 0.9% in 2022 to a new all-time high of 36.8 billion tonnes.

However, the share of manufacturing employment in total employment continued to decline, falling from 14.3% in 2015 to 13.6% in 2021 worldwide.

Target 9.2: After a plunge in 2020, global manufacturing employment returned to the pre-pandemic level in 2021.

While LDCs in Asia have made considerable progress and are on track, African LDCs will need to significantly accelerate progress for the goal to remain attainable by 2030. Although the share of manufacturing in LDCs increased from 12.1% in 2015 to 14.0% in 2022, this pace is not sufficient to achieve the target of doubling the share by 2030. While Europe and Northern America reached an all-time high of $5,052 in 2022, MVA per capita in LDCs reached only $159, far from the target of doubling their value of $126 in 2015.

Target 9.2: Global manufacturing value added (MVA) per capita increased from $1,646 (constant 2015 prices) in 2015 to $1,875 in 2022.

To achieve Goal 9 by 2030 it is essential to support LDCs, invest in advanced technologies, lower carbon emissions, and increase global mobile broadband access. In the aftermath of the pandemic, data show that higher-technology industries recovered faster and proved to be more resilient, pointing to the need to promote innovation and technology transfer in a way that benefits all countries. The different allotrope have different melting points and different electrical conductivity.The manufacturing industry’s recovery from COVID-19 remains incomplete and uneven: some high-income regions achieved record-high manufacturing value added per capita in 2022 but levels in LDCs were not much higher than the 2015 baseline. Properties Carbon is solid at room temperature. Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell so it can form 4 bonds with other atoms. Carbon is in Period 2 of the Periodic Table because it has 2 electron shells. Graphene has a giant covalent structure where each Carbon atom has 3 bonds with adjacent atoms forming a layer that is one atom thick.įullerenes have a giant covalent structure where each Carbon atom has 3 bonds with adjacent atoms forming a sphere.Ītomic Structure The most common isotope of Carbon is Carbon-12 which has 6 protons and 6 neutrons in the nucleus.

Graphite has a giant covalent structure with each Carbon atom has 3 bonds with adjacent atoms in a layer with loose bonds between the layers. Diamond is a giant covalent structure where each Carbon atom has 4 bonds with adjacent atoms.

Carbon periodic table png